sys conf control scripts

> der.hans
> -- 
> # +++++++++++=================================+++++++++++ #
> #                  der.hans@LuftHans.com                  #
> #             http://home.pages.de/~lufthans/             #
> #          Science is magic explained. - der.hans         #
> # ===========+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=========== #

MTREE(8)        FreeBSD System Manager's Manual           MTREE(8)

NAME 
     mtree - map a directory hierarchy

SYNOPSIS 
     mtree [-cdeinrUux] [-f spec] [-K keywords] [-k keywords] [-p path] [-s
       seed]

DESCRIPTION
     The utility mtree compares the file hierarchy rooted in the current di-
     rectory against a specification read from the standard input.  Messages
     are written to the standard output for any files whose characteristics do
     not match the specifications, or which are missing from either the file
     hierarchy or the specification.

     The options are as follows:

     -c    Print a specification for the file hierarchy to the standard out-
       put.

     -d    Ignore everything except directory type files.

     -e    Don't complain about files that are in the file hierarchy, but not
       in the specification.

     -f file 
       Read the specification from file, instead of from the standard in-
       put.

     -i    Indent the output 4 spaces each time a directory level is descended
       when create a specification with the -c option.  This does not ef-
       fect either the /set statements or the comment before each directo-
       ry.  It does however effect the comment before the close of each
       directory.

     -K keywords 
       Add the specified (whitespace or comma separated) keywords to the
       current set of keywords.

     -k keywords
       Use the ``type'' keyword plus the specified (whitespace or comma
       separated) keywords instead of the current set of keywords.

     -n    Do not emit pathname comments when creating a specification.  Nor- 
       mally a comment is emitted before each directory and before the
       close of that directory when using the -c option.

     -p path
       Use the file hierarchy rooted in path, instead of the current di-
       rectory.

     -r    Remove any files in the file hierarchy that are not described in
       the specification.

     -s seed
       Display a single checksum to the standard error output that repre-
       sents all of the files for which the keyword cksum was specified.
       The checksum is seeded with the specified value.

     -U    Modify the owner, group, and permissions of existing files to match
       the specification and create any missing directories.  User, group,
       and permissions must all be specified for missing directories to be
       created.  Exit with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error oc-

       curred, a mismatch is not considered an error if it was corrected.

     -u    Same as -U except a status of 2 is returned if the file hierarchy
       did not match the specification.

     -x    Don't descend below mount points in the file hierarchy.

     Specifications are mostly composed of ``keywords'', i.e. strings that
     that specify values relating to files.  No keywords have default values,
     and if a keyword has no value set, no checks based on it are performed.

     Currently supported keywords are as follows:

     cksum   The checksum of the file using the default algorithm speci-
         fied by the cksum(1) utility.

     ignore  Ignore any file hierarchy below this file.

     gid     The file group as a numeric value.

     gname   The file group as a symbolic name.

     md5digest   The MD5 message digest of the file.

     mode    The current file's permissions as a numeric (octal) or sym-
         bolic value.

     nlink   The number of hard links the file is expected to have.

     nochange    Make sure this file or directory exists but otherwise ignore
         all attributes.

     uid     The file owner as a numeric value.

     uname   The file owner as a symbolic name.

     size    The size, in bytes, of the file.

     link    The file the symbolic link is expected to reference.

     time    The last modification time of the file.

     type    The type of the file; may be set to any one of the following:

         block       block special device
         char        character special device
         dir         directory
         fifo        fifo
         file        regular file
         link        symbolic link
         socket      socket

     The default set of keywords are gid, mode, nlink, size, link, time, and
     uid.

     There are four types of lines in a specification.

     The first type of line sets a global value for a keyword, and consists of
     the string ``/set'' followed by whitespace, followed by sets of key-
     word/value pairs, separated by whitespace.  Keyword/value pairs consist
     of a keyword, followed by an equals sign (``=''), followed by a value,
     without whitespace characters.  Once a keyword has been set, its value
     remains unchanged until either reset or unset.

     The second type of line unsets keywords and consists of the string ``/un-
     set'', followed by whitespace, followed by one or more keywords, separat-
     ed by whitespace.

     The third type of line is a file specification and consists of a file
     name, followed by whitespace, followed by zero or more whitespace sepa-
     rated keyword/value pairs.  The file name may be preceded by whitespace
     characters.  The file name may contain any of the standard file name
     matching characters (``['', ``]'', ``?'' or ``*''), in which case files
     in the hierarchy will be associated with the first pattern that they
     match.

     Each of the keyword/value pairs consist of a keyword, followed by an
     equals sign (``=''), followed by the keyword's value, without whitespace
     characters.  These values override, without changing, the global value of
     the corresponding keyword.

     All paths are relative.  Specifying a directory will cause subsequent
     files to be searched for in that directory hierarchy.  Which brings us to
     the last type of line in a specification: a line containing only the
     string ``..'' causes the current directory path to ascend one level.

     Empty lines and lines whose first non-whitespace character is a hash mark
     (``#'') are ignored.

     The mtree utility exits with a status of 0 on success, 1 if any error oc-
     curred, and 2 if the file hierarchy did not match the specification.  A
     status of 2 is converted to a status of 0 if the -U option is used.

EXAMPLES
     To detect system binaries that have been ``trojan horsed'', it is recom-
     mended that mtree -K md5digest be run on the file systems, and a copy of
     the results stored on a different machine, or, at least, in encrypted
     form.  The output file itself should be digested using the md5(1) utili-
     ty.  Then, periodically, mtree and md5(1) should be run against the on-
     line specifications.  While it is possible for the bad guys to change the
     on-line specifications to conform to their modified binaries, it is be-
     lieved to be impractical for them to create a modified specification
     which has the same MD5 digest as the original.

     The -d and -u options can be used in combination to create directory hi-
     erarchies for distributions and other such things; the files in
     /etc/mtree were used to create almost all directories in this FreeBSD
     distribution.

FILES
     /etc/mtree  system specification directory

SEE ALSO
     chgrp(1),  chmod(1),  cksum(1),  md5(1),  stat(2),  fts(3),  md5(3),
     chown(8)

HISTORY
     The mtree utility appeared in 4.3BSD-Reno. The MD5 digest capability was
     added in FreeBSD 2.1, in response to the widespread use of programs which
     can spoof cksum(1).

BSD                February 9, 1995                  3